In other words, a dollar will pay for fewer items at the store. I read in some that it was relativly around 2000$ in todays What an in-depth investigation into the world of P&P! However, since the life of an aristocrat came a bit cheaper in the early 19th century, Darcys money would have stretched a bit further. Admittedly, five unmarried daughters did stretch their fathers income, and none of the girls had a meaningful dowry. 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. were published for readers who were Catholics. A pretty sweet salary, for sure. Using a British Pound Sterling inflation calculator, 20,000 in 1847 is roughly 14,400,000 (from 2009 inflation). After her brother Henrys financial reversals, this money must have been a welcome boon indeed. Altered economic condition, however, make estimates like this tricky: for example, goods tended to be much dearer at that time, in relative terms, while labor tended to be much cheaper. Read more about inflation and investment. etc would give a more accurate measure of the purchasing power and value of JA characters income.. For example, if you started with 100, you would need to end with 10,046.89 in order to "adjust" for inflation (sometimes refered to as "beating inflation"). in2013dollars.com is a reference website maintained by the Official Data Foundation. Ian earned his degree in Computer Science from Dartmouth College. Factors that influence spending power are war, inflation, cost of goods, housing and the geographic area in which the dwellings were located. Such an interesting subject! I am a proud lifetime member of the Jane Austen Society of North America. Did the daughters always just get whatever dowry the mother had upon her marriage? substantial house (8 bedrooms plus) for 3,000 in 1812). $966,966! The pound had an average inflation rate of 2.19% per year between 1810 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 9,946.89%. Further clarification from experts will round out our understanding. June 27, 2021. This effect explains how inflation erodes the value of a dollar over time. It focused exclusively on Jane Austen and her contemporaries. The U.K. CPI was 14.4 in the year 1810 and 1446.7515236795698 in 2023: 100 in 1810 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as 10,046.89 in 2023. Chances are Sir William sold that shop. On this day a year ago, they gave 136,059.48 pound sterlings for $180,000.00 us dollars, which is 13,504.32 less than it is today. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. Like the Dashwood women, Jane Austen, her mother, and sister also experienced chronic money worry. Click here to enter the page. All inflation calculations after 1988 use the Office for National Statistics' Consumer Price Index, except for 2017, which is based on The Bank of England's forecast. Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Downton Abbey Posts on Jane Austens World, The Life & Legacy of Enslaved Virginian Emily Winfree, a review by Vic Sanborn, Pride and Prejudice Economics: Or Why a Single Man with a Fortune of 4,000 Per Year is a Desirable Husband. The neglected tombstone found in an overgrown burial ground. Click on a category such as "Food" to toggle it on or off: For all these visualizations, it's important to note that not all categories may have been tracked since 1813. money in rome ancient times but awerage was for all countries in Annual Rate, the Office for National Statistics CPI. Feel free to try converting the currency rate in reverse from Pound Sterlings to US Dollars. I mentioned that it was a marriage portion, but I wrote the question incorrectly. Copyright Statement: Jane Austen's World blog, 2009-2022. This is for informational purposes only. This means that today's prices are 22.49 times as high as average prices since 1812, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index. Excellent to know the equivalent value of money then and nowI would never have thought that 140 would have represented so much! And that was just the 4 percent interest Darcy derived from his investments, not the rents from his estates. activity that was indeed done in those days by social classes. Today, an estate of that size would have a land value of around 350,000,000, and would generate an income of around 5.5 million per year, a yield of 1.5%. Keep an eye on this page and be aware of any changes. A dollar today only buys 5.348% of what it could buy back then. Yet, presumably, the wages they paid laborers was actually enough to live off by fairly, whereas the minimum wage today is far below what youd need to get by. She put together this great PowerPoint deck that I still have to this day because I thought it was so intriguing. The period from the late 18th century to the mid-Victorian years witnessed a major shake up and change in both the economy and society. Clearly, though, they all knew they could not afford Lydias selfish idiocy or Wickhams perfidy without the aid of Mrs. Bennets successful brother or, as it turned out, from Mr. Darcy. 10,000: USD GBP: 50,000: USD GBP: GBP to USD Chart. To get the total inflation rate for the 213 years between 1810 and 2023, we use the following formula: Plugging in the values to this equation, we get: Raw data for these calculations comes from the composite price index published by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS). An incredible fortune even by. This was seen in the organisation and finance of industry and commerce, the skills and work practices of production and technology, massive population growth and the development and . When 100 is equivalent to 10,046.89 over time, that means that the "real value" of a single U.K. pound decreases over time. food prices were rather high. I think its also hard to grasp that this was sort of a guaranteed income that could in some cases be supplemented so we cant compare it directly to a salary. You may use the following MLA citation for this page: Value of 1813 British pounds today | UK Inflation Calculator. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 20 Feb. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/uk/inflation/1813. This data is usually enough to forecast future changes. In 1812 Britain was at war, and Postage was The Consumer Price Index, normally used to compute inflation, has only been tracked since 1988. No wonder she became shrill every time she thought of her unmarried daughters, for Mr. Bennets entire yearly 2,000 income and his house were entailed to Mr. Collins. Thank you so much for your work on this entry! That amount might cover school supplies maybe. Academic In addition, average incomes in this period, even when adjusted for inflation, were much lower than today, so Bingleys income represents a far sharper deviation from the prevailing norm than its current equivalent would be. Shapard, Annotated Pride and Prejudice, P 5. c) 1,200 The average annual inflation rate between these . I could spend all day looking through Gale NewsVault browsing advertisements. If this number holds, $100 today will be equivalent in buying power to $106.41 next year. b) 12,000 Share Your Thoughts on Gales Newest Campaign. And a house for rent with a dining and breakfast parlor and servants quarters runs at 46 pounds, 2 shillings per annum, which using our calculator and currency converter comes to 2,625 pounds or $4,457 per annum, which comes out to $371 per month. This would seem to suggest that a womans education was a lot cheaper back in 1813. Mr Darcy 10,000 = 780,000, a very, very rich man in our today society..These are income of people in the top 0.04% of today society, (These two characters, i believe were also in that top bracket) Special thanks to QuickChart for their chart image API, which is used for chart downloads. This means that today's prices are 18.70 times as high as average prices since 1813, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics consumer price index. The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who arent afraid to mention how they believe. The reasons behind me using the information here are as follows: I have an English study on Pride and Prejudice and Letters to Alice on first reading Jane Austen and the assessment is based on three paradigms (or, ways of thinking) in context to the 19th Century, the 1980s (Alices time frame in England) and today. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 1.40% per year between 1813 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 1,769.81%. If, anyone could tell me what the basic wage was in pounds during the 1980s I would be ever so grateful. I am glad I found your blog, thanks for your thorough work! 19th Century British Newspapers. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The inflation rate in the United Kingdom between 1969 and today has been 1,489.44%, which translates into a total increase of 1,489.44. I took this awesome class in college at University of Michigan that10 years laterstill resonates with me. But what would those figures mean in today's economy? That was quite a chunk of annual income in the days when a family of seven, like the Bennetts, could live on 2,000 a year and still afford to dress decently, travel in a limited way, keep servants and a country estate, and set a fine table. Government & Special, Copyright 2023 Gale, part of Cengage Learning, Air Jordan 1 Retro High OG Rust Pink 861428-101 For Sale, Have Our Advertising Efforts Stalled? informed by the teachings of the Catholic Church of his day and d) In relative terms, all of the above. In any event, Mr. Darcy's and Mr. Bingley's incomes would still be regarded as exceedingly fine. The U.S. CPI was 16 in the year 1813 and 299.17 in 2023: $1 in 1813 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as $18.70 in 2023. In addition, we thank the many experts and authors who frequently contribute their posts and opinions, and who continue to do so freely or at our request. Today's values were extrapolated from the latest 12-month rolling average official data. Many people dont realize how hard it was for women back then and that marriage and money were life and death. This table and charts use the earliest available data for each category. Due to SPAM, we will no longer accept comments on posts after 30 days of publication. The British pound has lost 99.005% of its value since 1810 Updated: February 14, 2022 100 in 1810 is equivalent in purchasing power to about 10,046.89 today, an increase of 9,946.89 over 213 years. The U.K. CPI was 16.3 in the year 1813 and 1446.7515236795698 in 2023: 100 in 1813 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as 8,875.78 in 2023. They then compare that cost of the bundle in one year to the cost in another year. Tea and This chart shows the average rate of inflation for select CPI categories between 1813 and 2023. 569,300.00 per year! Click to visit Thank you. equivalent of todays docu-dramas. A yearly income of 10,000 pounds in the 1800's would be equal in 2009 average yearly earnings value to 9.27 million pounds a year, or $14 million USD. And Mr. Bingley, though he receives only 4,000 per year, inherited almost 3.4 million pounds from his tradesman father in today's terms. This table and charts use the earliest available data for each category. Ian Webster is an engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California. Its still a little hard to completely grasp, though, because I think of a couple hundred thousand pounds a year as being very well off but certainly not excessively rich. This effect explains how inflation erodes the value of a pound over time. Special thanks to QuickChart for their chart image API, which is used for chart downloads. The dollar had an average inflation rate of 1.44% per year between 1815 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 1,842.66%. While the 140 she earned from the sales of Sense and Sensibility does not sound like much, it represents close to $9,800 in todays U.S. sums. Great preparation for viewers to get ready for Sundays PBS showing. A currency converter provided by the National Archives in the U.K. provides a rough idea of what these 1810 figures mean. We utilize mid-market currency rates to convert USD against GBP currency pair. Yeah, Darcy was loaded. In the example above, five pounds in 1950 is "worth" anywhere from $85 to $194 in 2000 U.S. dollars, depending on which price index is used and which year the conversion takes place. In fact, Mr. Darcy's 10,000 per year represents only 4% interest of his vast fortune. So, if you increase the minimum wage to something actually liveable nowadays, which recent studies say would be around $22 per hour (the hourly rate needed to rent a 2 BR apartment), that would mean the worth of Darcys 10,000 would be comparable to over $20 million per year. Special thanks to QuickChart for their chart image API, which is used for chart downloads. 10,000.00 British Pounds = 12,023.45 3 US Dollars 1 GBP = 1.20235 USD 1 USD = 0.831708 GBP We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. It's too short! The current exchange rate is 0.831. Accessing Austen: How Rich Was Mr. Darcy? Sources and resources: To learn more about the Cost of Living in Jane Austens England: Vulgar Economy, click here . Inflation data from 1634 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University and from the American Antiquarian Society. So, in today's dollars, just how much is Darcy worth? # of years). To put some of these sums into perspective, the average annual income for an English laborer or farmer in 1800 was around 15-20 pounds. Pingback: Pride and Prejudice Economics: Or Why a Single Man with a Fortune of 4,000 Per Year is a Desirable Husband | All about books, Pingback: Social Rank in Pride and Prejudice | All about books, Pingback: Jane Austen. equivalent, but please note that some things were much cheaper in I am not an expert, and I will leave more detailed explanations to economists like Brad de Long. The equivalent to 3000.00 in todays currency How much is 110 us dollars into british pounds? What will become of me. Breaking down these categories helps explain the main drivers behind price changes. OF THE COACHING AGE, VOL. Ian Webster is an engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California. This calculator is based on figures supplied by the Office for National Statistics (UK) and shows recorded figures between 1800 to date.Enter the year and the amount to see how much that sum of money would be worth today. Currency converter: 1270-2017 Calculate purchasing power Try our online currency converter and find out how many animals, stones of wool and quarters of wheat you can buy, and how much you. Died off Prome, the 7th October 1852, while in command of the Naval Expedition on the river Irrawady against the Burmese Forces, aged 73 years.. experienced in society around him. Lydias ruin would have sullied the reputations of her sisters and their entire family. East coast. However, through the sale of her books Jane was able to earn a much needed supplemental income. This means that today's prices are 88.76 times as high as average prices since 1813, according to the Office for National Statistics composite price index. And how much is that in U.S. dollars? I have adored Jane Austen almost all of my life. MY calculation using a proxy economy puts Mr Bennet income of 2,000 as equivalent to (Pound Sterling) 156,000 today.the income of a well-to-do person in the UK Its utterly fascinating. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. Compare these numbers to the US's overall absolute change of $17.70 and total percent change of 1,769.81%. According to this chart (and because that essay was written at least ten years ago), Im under-estimating the U.S. equivalent by about 5-10% when I do that, but it still gives a good (round) ballpark number. So, in todays dollars, just how much is Darcy worth? And how much is that in U.S. dollars? They were not destitute, but were sometimes financially pressed. astute sopcial observer and wrote "The Canterbury Tales" as the But they were living in genteel but limited circumstances, not hopeless poverty. A composite index is created by combining price data from several different published sources, both official and unofficial. All values are equivalent in terms of purchasing power, which means that for each year the same goods or services could be bought with the indicated amount of money. When $1 is equivalent to $18.70 over time, that means that the "real value" of a single U.S. dollar decreases over time. Depending on the data available, results can be obtained by using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) formula or the compound interest formula. The current inflation rate compared to last year is now 6.41%. Pingback: 10,000 pounds a year The Bennet Sisters. c) A princely sum The dollar had an average inflation rate of 1.49% per year between 1812 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 2,149.40%. Ive heard that the average per capita income around 1800 was something in the neighborhood of 25 pounds. We may receive books (physical or digitized) and DVDs for review purposes. She has a B.A. The table shows the facts and analysis of the fluctuations. In fact, Mr. Darcys 10,000 per year represents only 4% interest of his vast fortune. In other words, it indicates how much are 100 worth today. You won't receive this rate when sending money. Please cite as follows: Eric W. Nye, Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency, accessed , https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm. Inflation data from 1634 to 1912 is sourced from a historical study conducted by political science professor Robert Sahr at Oregon State University and from the American Antiquarian Society. a) 3,000 What a fine thing for our girls! Write us at. In other words, a dollar will pay for fewer items at the store. The problem with estimating Darcys wealth is that we live in a consumer/consumables economy, whereas they lived in a service economy, so a straight rate-of-exchange doesnt begin to cover actual buying power within the world Austen lived in. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blogs author and/or owners is strictly prohibited. Oh, Lord! This is such an interesting perspective about 19th century life. After Mrs. Bennets death, Lizzy would receive just 1/5 of her mothers marriage portion, and she would bring to her marriage only 40 pounds per year. It turns out it isnt. You can certainly see your enthusiasm in the article you write. How much is $1,800.00 - the one thousand eight hundred us dollars is worth 1,487.58 (GBP) today or one thousand four hundred eighty-seven pound sterlings 58 pence as of 09:00AM UTC. Annual Rate, the Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI. The following chart depicts the equivalence of 100 due to compound inflation and CPI changes. His income was estimated to be 10,000 pounds a year, maybe more. Who? The fact that Mrs.Dashwood and her daughters are able to get housing from her cousin make it possible for them to live the lives of gentlewomen, allowing her to keep some servants. For comparison, in the UK 1.00 in 1813 would be equivalent to 88.76 in 2023, an absolute change of 87.76 and a cumulative change of 8,775.78%. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. In terms of yearly income, I have gone with more conservative estimates from other sources, which includes the sum you mentioned. We utilize mid-market currency rates to convert USD against GBP currency pair. Disappointed by the lack of clear resources on the impacts of inflation on economic indicators, Ian believes this website serves as a valuable public tool. Compare these values to the overall average of 1.40% per year: The graph below compares inflation in categories of goods over time. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'inflationtool_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_3',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-inflationtool_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); All calculations are performed in the local currency (GBP) and using 6 decimal digits. Ian Webster is an engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1813?amount=1. You are absolutely right. If you entered these values in the correct places, you will find that the "simple purchasing power" answer is 81.19 . That comes to a total of 24 pounds 24 shillings per annum. Is Georgiana Darcys 30,000 pounds the amount of money that her mother received upon her marriage? (One could buy a very Sir William Lucas is able to buy an estate and raise and educate a large family from the proceeds of a shop in a small town (we dont if he sold the shop outright or if he has it managed for him by others) is something that gives a comparable that I dont think would be possible today. I had read in an essay in the Oxford Companion to Jane Austen when trying to estimate the values in modern terms, to multiply the sum by 50. When 100 is equivalent to 8,875.78 over time, that means that the "real value" of a single U.K. pound decreases over time. I have fixed it. This website requires JavaScript to run properly. You can easily see how that pans out as it would explain his extravagant manor, artworks, library, musical instruments, acreage, servants enough to care for all of that, and his flakey childhood friend(s). extinct by 1820 they did not experience the little ice age. If this number holds, 100 today will be equivalent in buying power to 110.70 next year. Ian earned his degree in Computer Science from Dartmouth College. In other words, a pound will pay for fewer items at the store. The house was very nearly a castle. Disclaimer: Our team makes no profit from this blog. Using the above website and a currency converter, that comes to $2,437 per annum. This paltry sum would have barely covered their living expenses had it not been for Sir John Middletons generosity in inviting his cousin to live in a cottage on his estate. held today. 1,800 USD to GBP - US Dollars to Pound Sterlings. However, we do accept and keep books and CDs to review. = 240d. Chaucer was an The current inflation rate page gives more detail on the latest inflation rates. . Ten thousand a year! CPI is the weighted combination of many categories of spending that are tracked by the government. Probably an owner who appears to have as much land as Mr Darcy, has a property which is bringing in a substantial income not only from rents but timber, crops etc. Really clarified a lot for me as Im watching Pride and Prejudice now, I think ive now seen the movie P&P a hundred times, as well as the other Jane Austen novels! Unfortunately for him, Darcys fortune wouldnt be enough to live comfortably on while running his Derbyshire manor in modern times, with the rising costs of vital manor-running expenses like paying servants. 1 British Pound to US Dollar stats . Disappointed by the lack of clear resources on the impacts of inflation on economic indicators, Ian believes this website serves as a valuable public tool. So a man with 10,000 per year back then compares to the average person like a man today with 8 million per year, and the Bennets 2,000 per year is the equivalent of over 1.5 million per year. Pounds and Dollars in the World of Pride and Prejudice, In Jane Austens Own Words: Economic Sense and Sensibility, nflation and contemporary Equivalents to English Money, Crowns, Pounds and Guineas: A Quick Guide To British Currency, Currency Converter, and British Buying Power, Understanding the Society in Which Jane Austen Sets Pride and Prejudice. We read all of Austens novels as well as Radcliffe, Burney, and Wollstonecraft, and it was easily the best four months of my academic career. Pingback: Fun FridayPrice & Prejudice (Part 2) KayeDacus.com, Pingback: In Jane Austens Own Words: Economic Sense and Sensibility Jane Austens World, Pingback: Cost of Living in Georgian and Regency England Jane Austens World, I think a better way to calculate is by using a proxy economy of a present day third world country to reflect buying habits. Every thing that is charming! Given the realities of income inequality at the time, his 796,000 would probably buy the equivalent of 12 million a year. This article from the Jane Austen Centre goes into further detail about the Mrs. and Misses Dashwoods economic situation. Disappointed by the lack of clear resources on the impacts of inflation on economic indicators, Ian believes this website serves as a valuable public tool. Pingback: Connections Redux by Harvey S. | Gioia Recs, Wonderfully researched post. The most favorable exchange rate for the current 7 days, was 150,613.20. The inflation rate in 1813 was 2.52%. The average annual inflation rate between these periods has been 5.26%. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Either The Consumer Price Index, normally used to compute inflation, has only been tracked since 1988. View full chart. Highclere Castle Floor Plan: The Real Downton Abbey, Regency Fashion: Men's Breeches, Pantaloons, and Trousers, Men's hair styles at the turn of the 19th century, The Servant's Quarters in 19th Century Country Houses Like Downton Abbey, Dancing at the Netherfield Ball: Pride and Prejudice, Lady Hester Stanhope: Traveler and Trailblazer, Book Review: Ayesha at Last by Uzma Jalaluddin, Tracing Jane Austens Royal Ancestors Via Her Parents, by Ronald Dunning, Shapard, David M., The Annotated Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen, Anchor Books, 2004. In other words, the purchasing power of 100 in 1969 equals 1,589.44 today. Thank you for visiting this blog. take pilgrimage to Canterbury was held in high esteem then in way they lived in todays Newfoundland, not the warmest part of the When John Dashwood, under his wifes influence, reneged on his promise to his dying father to contribute substantial sums of money to his step family, the women were forced to live on 500 pounds per year. Mrs Dashwood and her 3 daughter would be surviving on 40,000, which in england would be comfortable , but not luxury living, ( i am happy to discuss these calculation with anyone interested), Pingback: The trouble with Pride and prejudice? is that just the yearly interest on his estate? Excellent and nicely researched post. How Wealthy is Mr. Darcy Really? The pound had an average inflation rate of 2.04% per year between 1800 and 2018, producing a cumulative price increase of 8,077.20%. But our lives are so different now that our views of what makes someone wealthy have changed. Hello, I stumbled upon your blog while googling knitted reticules. Learn about our markets: At this precise time U.S. citizens should multiply these figures by two to derive a dollar amount. Understanding the background can certainly helps one to empathize with the anxiety and agitation of Mrs. Bennet, and at the same time, repect and admire more of Elizabeths secure self-image and confidence in her own choice and determination in rejecting initially one of the richest man her family has ever known or will ever encounter! The backcloth, though, the May I not be proud of that? how can we translate that sentence so that it would hold some meaning for us? A composite index is created by combining price data from several different published sources, both official and unofficial. The inflation rate in 1813 was 20.30%. You may use the following MLA citation for this page: Value of 1813 dollars today | Inflation Calculator. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 21 Feb. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1813. And the property also complicates our understanding because thats somewhat separate from the income, although, obviously some of the income might come from the property. Read more about inflation and investment. For 1812 multiply by 80 or slightly more to get a modern b) $680,000 It not only indicates status in society but gives back ground rents from tenants as well as produce. The current inflation rate compared to last year is now 6.41%. To get the total inflation rate for the 210 years between 1813 and 2023, we use the following formula: Plugging in the values to this equation, we get: Raw data for these calculations comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Consumer Price Index (CPI), established in 1913. d) 120 These comparisons are often Feel free to try converting the currency rate in reverse from Pound Sterlings to US Dollars. Ian Webster is an engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California. Mrs. Bennet on Mr. Bingleys income, Pride and Prejudice, Volume One, Chapter One. The author was scrupulous about detailing exactly how much money her characters made: Mr. Bennet makes 2000. They are: Click on their names to enter their own blogs. How much is $1,800.00 the one thousand eight hundred us dollars is worth 1,495.64 (GBP) today or one thousand four hundred ninety-five pound sterlings 64 pence as of 00:00AM UTC. Jennifer loves her children, dogs, and Jane Austen. What is presented here is the average of all the answers for the two indices. He would need to do that and purchase an estate in order to be viewed as a member of the upper-classes. I see that the Bennett girls only received their mothers portion divided up among them. In fact, the proceeds from the sale of her four books netted her over 23,000 pounds or around 46,000 dollars towards the end of her life.
For Rent By Owner Temple, Tx, Articles OTHER
For Rent By Owner Temple, Tx, Articles OTHER