Miller's current book, Voice of the Leopard (UP of Mississippi, 2008), documents the little known history of the Cuban Abaku, a mutual-aid institution derived from the Ekpe (leopard) society of the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. . Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. AHR ~ 125 James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. [16] Baikie said Ibibio are traced to the Igbo. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. Collection of Eli Bentor. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. The Leopard Society was allegedly a cannibalistic society in the early-to-mid 2oth century in Sierra Leone, Libera and Cte dIvoire. [38] It is believed that it was at Ndodoghi that many of the Abayen clan had died from crocodile attacks. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. Mr. . It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. According to him . I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). Hall Fund. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. Among those who migrated with the Ngolo were various other nations who would later become part of the Oroko ethnic group. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. They give me thesum of $1,200,000 and many thing. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. It may not display this or other websites correctly. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). Photo by Eli Bentor. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. Dropping by to say, "Hi!" I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. And it's a symbol in both. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. It described the religion, social, economic and political structures of the society as progressive and dynamic. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? [69] The society is divided into five main grades such as Nkanda, Oku akama, Nyamkpe, Okpoho and Ebonko. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. [44] Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Worn as personal wrappers during initiations and at social events, ukara cloth distinguishes Ekpe members. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. (Ed.). Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. Photo by Eli Bentor. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. An entire topic will be dedicated to discussing the Ekpe society and its legacy in the near future. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. No disrespect allowed. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. the exhibition explores the long- They use a variety of masks to execute social control. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. Corrections? The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. [40] [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. Individual symbols may also have multiple meanings, rendering context important and interpretation inevitable in the "reading" of the body of represented signs. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites.
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